Abstract : The rapid proliferation of cloud-native infrastructure has fundamentally altered the operational landscape of enterprise security, rendering traditional perimeter-based detection models structurally insufficient for the threats organizations face today. Where legacy security operations centers once relied on static network boundaries, predefined signature libraries, and persistent endpoint visibility, cloud environments introduce ephemeral workloads, API-driven control planes, distributed identity surfaces, and infrastructure that provisions and deprovisions faster than conventional monitoring tools can track. This article develops a comprehensive architectural framework for cloud-native security operations, examining the theoretical underpinnings of shared responsibility, structured threat modeling, and Zero Trust alignment before progressing through the core components of detection engineering, telemetry ingestion, runtime workload protection, and identity anomaly detection. Emerging operational patterns—including detection-as-code, security data mesh governance, machine learning-augmented triage, and tiered autonomous response orchestration—are analyzed as maturation indicators for organizations seeking to move beyond reactive alert handling. The operational dimension addresses SOC maturity adaptation, forensic challenges in ephemeral environments, threat intelligence integration, and performance benchmarking. Sectoral adaptation across financial services, healthcare, government, and critical infrastructure demonstrates that while architectural principles transfer broadly, implementation must remain sensitive to domain-specific regulatory obligations and threat models. Governance considerations spanning NIST CSF 2.0, ISO/IEC 27001, the auditability of automated systems, and societal accountability complete the framework. Collectively, the evidence positions cloud-native SecOps not as an incremental capability upgrade but as a foundational organizational commitment—one that demands architectural discipline, cross-functional coordination, and continuous validation to remain effective against an evolving adversarial landscape.